Even though it seems like an easy task, counting syllables is very hard in English. After hours of googling I’ve realized that the non-corpus-based algorithms are not perfect, and it’s impossible for them to be. So I wanted to make a better one combining some I’ve read and overcoming the errors I’ve encountered. The goal is to create a step-by-step algorithm using the least amount of dictionary help. Here’s the first time I’m sharing it publicly hoping that it will help someone out.
Even though this is Python based, the important thing is the algorithm. I know it’s not the best way to handle it, but the outcome’s not so bad for a first attempt.
Here are some discussions or algorithms I’ve found on the web.
- http://allenporter.tumblr.com/post/9776954743/syllables simple algorithm
- http://www.howmanysyllables.com/howtocountsyllables.html some pseudo-algorithm
- http://www.modulus.com.au/blog/?p=8 a little bit more algorithm
- http://www.onebloke.com/2011/06/counting-syllables-accurately-in-python-on-google-app-engine/ this uses the nltk library, which is not what I’m looking for, since that’s not the challenge. (yet, it may be the most clever approach for you)
Reading all these and experimenting, I’ve developed my own set of rules, here they go.
The Algorithm
- If number of letters <= 3 : return 1
- If doesn’t end with “ted” or “tes” or “ses” or “ied” or “ies”, discard “es” and “ed” at the end. If it has only 1 vowel or 1 set of consecutive vowels, discard. (like “speed”, “fled” etc.)
- Discard trailing “e”, except where ending is “le” and isn’t in the le_except array
- Check if consecutive vowels exists, triplets or pairs, count them as one.
- Count remaining vowels in the word.
- Add one if begins with “mc”
- Add one if ends with “y” but is not surrouned by vowel. (ex. “mickey”)
- Add one if “y” is surrounded by non-vowels and is not in the last word. (ex. “python”)
- If begins with “tri-” or “bi-” and is followed by a vowel, add one. (so that “ia” at “triangle” won’t be mistreated by step 4)
- If ends with “-ian”, should be counted as two syllables, except for “-tian” and “-cian”. (ex. “indian” and “politician” should be handled differently and shouldn’t be mistreated by step 4)
- If begins with “co-” and is followed by a vowel, check if it exists in the double syllable dictionary, if not, check if in single dictionary and act accordingly. (co_one and co_two dictionaries handle it. Ex. “coach” and “coapt” shouldn’t be treated equally by step 4)
- If starts with “pre-” and is followed by a vowel, check if exists in the double syllable dictionary, if not, check if in single dictionary and act accordingly. (similar to step 11, but very weak dictionary for the moment)
- Check for “-n’t” and cross match with dictionary to add syllable. (ex. “doesn’t”, “couldn’t”)
- Handling the exceptional words. (ex. “serious”, “fortunately”)
Like I said earlier, this isn’t perfect, so there are some steps to add or modify, but it works just “fine”. Some exceptions should be added such as “evacuate”, “ambulances”, “shuttled”, “anyone” etc… Also it can’t handle some compund words like “facebook”. Counting only “face” would result correctly “1”, and “book” would also come out correct, but due to the “e” letter not being detected as a “silent e”, “facebook” will return “3 syllables.”
Anyway, here’s the Python (2.x) code, I’ll try and improve it sometime.
import re
def sylco(word) :
word = word.lower()
# exception_add are words that need extra syllables
# exception_del are words that need less syllables
exception_add = ['serious','crucial']
exception_del = ['fortunately','unfortunately']
co_one = ['cool','coach','coat','coal','count','coin','coarse','coup','coif','cook','coign','coiffe','coof','court']
co_two = ['coapt','coed','coinci']
pre_one = ['preach']
syls = 0 #added syllable number
disc = 0 #discarded syllable number
#1) if letters < 3 : return 1
if len(word) <= 3 :
syls = 1
return syls
#2) if doesn't end with "ted" or "tes" or "ses" or "ied" or "ies", discard "es" and "ed" at the end.
# if it has only 1 vowel or 1 set of consecutive vowels, discard. (like "speed", "fled" etc.)
if word[-2:] == "es" or word[-2:] == "ed" :
doubleAndtripple_1 = len(re.findall(r'[eaoui][eaoui]',word))
if doubleAndtripple_1 > 1 or len(re.findall(r'[eaoui][^eaoui]',word)) > 1 :
if word[-3:] == "ted" or word[-3:] == "tes" or word[-3:] == "ses" or word[-3:] == "ied" or word[-3:] == "ies" :
pass
else :
disc+=1
#3) discard trailing "e", except where ending is "le"
le_except = ['whole','mobile','pole','male','female','hale','pale','tale','sale','aisle','whale','while']
if word[-1:] == "e" :
if word[-2:] == "le" and word not in le_except :
pass
else :
disc+=1
#4) check if consecutive vowels exists, triplets or pairs, count them as one.
doubleAndtripple = len(re.findall(r'[eaoui][eaoui]',word))
tripple = len(re.findall(r'[eaoui][eaoui][eaoui]',word))
disc+=doubleAndtripple + tripple
#5) count remaining vowels in word.
numVowels = len(re.findall(r'[eaoui]',word))
#6) add one if starts with "mc"
if word[:2] == "mc" :
syls+=1
#7) add one if ends with "y" but is not surrouned by vowel
if word[-1:] == "y" and word[-2] not in "aeoui" :
syls +=1
#8) add one if "y" is surrounded by non-vowels and is not in the last word.
for i,j in enumerate(word) :
if j == "y" :
if (i != 0) and (i != len(word)-1) :
if word[i-1] not in "aeoui" and word[i+1] not in "aeoui" :
syls+=1
#9) if starts with "tri-" or "bi-" and is followed by a vowel, add one.
if word[:3] == "tri" and word[3] in "aeoui" :
syls+=1
if word[:2] == "bi" and word[2] in "aeoui" :
syls+=1
#10) if ends with "-ian", should be counted as two syllables, except for "-tian" and "-cian"
if word[-3:] == "ian" :
#and (word[-4:] != "cian" or word[-4:] != "tian") :
if word[-4:] == "cian" or word[-4:] == "tian" :
pass
else :
syls+=1
#11) if starts with "co-" and is followed by a vowel, check if exists in the double syllable dictionary, if not, check if in single dictionary and act accordingly.
if word[:2] == "co" and word[2] in 'eaoui' :
if word[:4] in co_two or word[:5] in co_two or word[:6] in co_two :
syls+=1
elif word[:4] in co_one or word[:5] in co_one or word[:6] in co_one :
pass
else :
syls+=1
#12) if starts with "pre-" and is followed by a vowel, check if exists in the double syllable dictionary, if not, check if in single dictionary and act accordingly.
if word[:3] == "pre" and word[3] in 'eaoui' :
if word[:6] in pre_one :
pass
else :
syls+=1
#13) check for "-n't" and cross match with dictionary to add syllable.
negative = ["doesn't", "isn't", "shouldn't", "couldn't","wouldn't"]
if word[-3:] == "n't" :
if word in negative :
syls+=1
else :
pass
#14) Handling the exceptional words.
if word in exception_del :
disc+=1
if word in exception_add :
syls+=1
# calculate the output
return numVowels - disc + syls